Notes

[1] Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), 87.

[2] Trachtenberg, 88.

[3] Trachtenberg, 90.

[4] Robert Bremner, From the Depths: The Discovery of Poverty in the United States (New York: New York University Press, 1956), 135.

[5] Walter I. Trattner, Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), 38.

[6] Trattner, 26.

[7] Trattner, 140.

[8] Trattner, 159.

[9] Trattner, 171.

[10] Trattner, 184.

[11] Bremner.

[12] New York Times, "Work Among the Poor," 10 April 1895, 8:4.

[13] Jacob Riis, The Making of an American (New York: Macmillan Co., 1901), 11.

[14] Riis, 268.

[15] Alexander Alland Jr., Jacob A. Riis: Photographer and Citizen (New York: Aperture, Inc., 1974), 27.

[16] Riis, 273.

[17] Ferenc M. Szasz and Ralph F. Bogardus, "The Camera and the American Social Conscience," New York History, 1974, 55 (4), 430.

[18] Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives (New York: Penguin Books, 1997), 5.

[19] Riis, 210.

[20] Szasz and Bogardus, 422.

[21] James B. Lane, "For Good Government: Jacob A. Riis' Urban Reform Activities in New York City, 1895-1897," Societas, 1973, 3 (2), 146.

[22] Lane, 147.

[23] Lane, 148.

[24] "Work Among the Poor," New York Times, 10 April 1895, 8:4.

[25] James B. Lane, Jacob Riis and the American City (New York: Kennikat Press, 1974), 191-92.

[26] Daile Kaplan, ed., Photo Story: Selected Letters and Photographs of Lewis W. Hine (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), xxv.

[27] Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs: Images as History (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989), 197.

[28] Naomi and Walter Rosenblum, America and Lewis Hine: Photographs, 1904-1940 (New York: Aperture, Inc., 1977), 16.

[29] Judith Mara Gutman, Lewis W. Hine and the American Social Conscience (New York: Walker and Company, 1967), 25.

[30] Gutman, 19.

[31] Rosenblum, 19.

[32] Trachtenberg, 226.