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Unconscious
adult conceptions of America, in fact, fueled the entire FSA photography project.
Roy Stryker, who grew up in a small Colorado town, once admitted about his
tenure at the FSA:
During the
whole eight years, I held onto a personal dream that inevitably got translated
into black-and-white pictures: I wanted to do a pictorial encyclopedia of
American agriculture. My footnotes to the photographers' instructions ("keep
your eyes open for a rag doll and a corn tester") undoubtedly accounted
for the great number of photographs that got into the collection which had
nothing to do with official business (Stryker 7).
Some of
the photos, according to Stryker himself, reflected aspects of life not
directly related to Farm Security Administration projects. Moreover, his
view of "American agriculture" included the presence of carefree
children, as evidenced by his desire for an image of "a rag doll,"
as opposed to a store-bought one. According to Nancy Wood, who co-edited
Stryker's book about FSA photographs, In This Proud Land, and wrote
a biographic essay about him, "The town pictures had a curious effect
on Stryker, taking him back to the scene of his youth in Montrose, Colorado"
(Stryker 15). She quotes Stryker's reflections on a series of Evans' prints
extensively:
I remember
Walker Evans' picture of the train tracks in a small town, like Montrose.
The empty station platform, the station thermometer, the idle baggage
carts, the quiet stores, the people talking together, and beyond them,
the weatherbeaten houses where they lived, all this reminded me of the
town where I had grown up. I would look at pictures like that and long
for a time when the world was safer and more peaceful. I'd think back
to the days before radio and television when all there was to do was
go down to the tracks and watch the flyer go through. That was the nostalgic
way in which those town pictures hit me (Stryker 15).
Like other adult
viewers of his staff's work, Stryker was at least partially moved by the photographs
because, in them, he glimpsed his own childhood and felt nostalgic for it.
He could not objectively state that at a given moment in time, the world was
safe and peaceful. More likely, Stryker's perceptions of his childhood
world were "safer and more peaceful" than his adult awareness of
contemporary conditions. In fact, in 1893, the year of his birth, the United
States faced another economic failure. However, Stryker would have been too
young to understand or even remember that "six hundred banks closed their
doors, thousands of business firms failed, and seventy-four railroads (including
the Philadelphia and Reading, the North Pacific, Erie, and the Santa Fe) went
into receivership" (Schlereth 174).
Even the
title of Stryker's 1973 book--In This Proud Land--reflects a valuation,
an attempt to confer a specific judgment on how the nation responded to
the Depression. While working on the book, he confided to Wood, "Sure
the kids looked grim sometimes." He added: "So did their parents.
Nobody had a dime. But they had a whole lot more. They had each other,
as corny as that sounds today. A family stuck together. It's all there
was" (Stryker 17). Forty years' hindsight, however, seems to have
dimmed his memory. In 1932, California claimed 60,000 unemployed heads
of households. Atlanta, Georgia, reported 4,000 families on relief. In
Toledo, Ohio, that number reached 9,000. Relief workers in St. Louis,
Missouri, were forced to drop 13,000 of 25,000 families because of low
funding. The average monthly family income in New York City dropped from
$141.50 to $8.20 ("No One Has Starved'). Not all of those families
stayed together. Imagine, then, how colored his childhood recollections
from 1893 must have been in 1935 when he tried to re-create Montrose,
Colorado, through FSA imagery.
Some may
argue that, as individual photographers, Evans, Lang, Rothstein, Shahn,
Wolcott, and their colleagues brought a plethora of personal qualities
and predispositions to their work; the differences in their approaches
and talents would have outweighed Stryker's personal biases. Even Orvell
concedes that "[t]he individual photographers working for Stryker
all inevitably (and deliberately) possessed a unique style and point of
view." However, he notes, "their role as government workers
was to gather information, and not to be artists. And to the extent
that they were following instructions from Washington, fulfilling stated
needs for specific kinds of pictures (erosion, floods, parched lands,
FSA rehabilitation projects, etc.), the pictures seem at times interchangeable"
(228-229). The FSA camera people displayed more artistry in their pictures
than Orvell grants. However, he correctly asserts the influence wielded
by their supervisor. Stryker often educated his photographers on the regions
to which they were assigned. He also wrote shooting scripts and requested
specific types of images, scenes, and content (Stryker 15). Moreover,
as Stott suggests, "[t]he heart of documentary is not form or style
or medium, but always content" (14). Regardless of what the photographers
brought to their assignments, their photographic subjects varied little
because Stryker, at least indirectly, chose them.
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